The largest class of algebraic hyper structures satisfying the module like axioms is the Hv-module. In this paper, we consider the category of Hv-modules and prove that the direct limit always exists in this category. Direct limits are defined by a universal property, and so are unique. The most powerful tool in order to obtain a module from a given Hv-module is the quotient out procedure. To use this method we consider the fundamental equivalence relation ε * , and then prove some of the results about the connection between the fundamental modules, direct systems and direct limits.

This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.

The objective of this study is to design robust direct model reference adaptive controller (DMRAC) for a non-linear cardiovascular model over a range of plant parameters representing a variety of physical conditions. The direct adaptive controllers used here require the plant to be almost strictly positive real (ASPR), that is, for a plant to be controlled there must exist a feedback gain such that the resulting closed-loop system is strictly positive real. We designed new compensator so that the system composed of the cardiovascular plant and the compensator satisfies the ASPR condition. Numerous technical papers have considered a small range of gain variations of the cardiovascular system. In most of these works, the controller was designed based on the variations in either time delay or plant gains. Many of the papers have treated the cardiovascular system as a single-input single-output (SISO) plant in which the control output was mean arterial pressure (MAP). We treated the cardiovascular system as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) plant in which both the MAP and cardiac output (CO) are controlled. We presented a new linear model that provides better approximation than the original linear model. By doing so and utilizing the DMRAC algorithm, we could satisfy the stability conditions for the model, and obtained satisfactory responses in every possible condition for the cardiovascular nonlinear model.

There is no generally conventional definition of subsidy. For the purposes of this paper, a subsidy is a transfer of economic resources by the government to the buyer or seller of a good or service that has the effect of reducing the price paid, increasing the price received, or reducing the cost of production of the good or service. Energy Subsidy is paid by government so that all classes of society can gain a minimum level of welfare. So, the purpose of energy subsidy is to help deprived groups and acquire social justice. But if Energy subsidy is paid indirectly (providing energy at a price lower than marginal cost), subsidy works against the mentioned purpose. In this way, high-income groups have a much higher share of energy consumption. As a result, for having a goal-oriented energy subsidy, direct energy subsidy method (pay the sum of subsidy directly to low-income groups) is the main proposed in this study. Changes in energy prices have great impacts on economic, social and political sectors of the country. The effects of above method on the four variables have been studied here: inflation rate, economic pressure on low-income groups (which is showed as the ratio of inflation rate to income increase rate of low class), energy consumption per capita and energy smuggling. The structure of direct energy subsidy has been modeled with system dynamics methodology first, four scenarios have been proposed and finally the affects in fluctuation of energy price on these variables have been analyzed in each of the scenarios.